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Executive Summary IEC 61000-4-11 (Edition 3.0, 2020) defines immunity test methods for voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations on equipment drawing 16 A or less per phase from 50/60 Hz networks. IEC 61000-4-34 (2005, amended 2009; EN amendment A2:2025) extends the same phenomena to equipment drawing more than 16 A per phase — in…

Executive Summary IEC 61000-4-13 (Edition 1.2, 2015 — Edition 1.0, 2002, as amended by A1:2009 and A2:2015) verifies that equipment keeps working when its AC supply is deliberately distorted with individual harmonics, interharmonics, swept frequency components, characteristic composite waveforms (“flat curve” and “over-swing”), and mains-signalling tones. It applies to equipment rated up to 16 A…

AC Withstand Voltage Testing A Practical Guide to Minimizing False Fails and Ensuring Compliance Kikusui TOS9303LC — AC/DC Withstand Voltage Tester (Reference) Kikusui TOS9311 — AC/DC Withstand Voltage Tester (Reference) Published by Kikusui America, Inc. | Rev. 1.0 — April 2026 Subject: AC withstand voltage testing — methodology, parameters, and capacitive-current handling Executive Summary Compliance…

DC Withstand Voltage Testing When AC Testing Falls Short — A Practical Guide to High-Capacitance and DC-Operated DUTs Kikusui TOS9311 — AC/DC Withstand Voltage Tester (Reference) Published by Kikusui America, Inc. | Rev. 1.0 — April 2026 Subject: DC withstand voltage testing — methodology, parameter selection, and AC vs. DC test comparison Executive Summary For…

MIL-STD-704F / RTCA DO-160G Avionics Power Quality Test Solutions Kikusui PCR-WEA2 Series — Single Platform for 360–800 Hz Variable Frequency, Fixed 400 Hz, 60 Hz, and DC Testing MIL-STD-704F (Rev. F) defines test requirements for variable frequency (wild frequency) AC buses operating from 360–800 Hz, in addition to fixed 400 Hz, 60 Hz, and DC…

AI servers are getting dramatically more power-hungry. As a result, data centers are increasingly adopting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power architectures—often ±400V or 800V—to deliver large amounts of power while reducing distribution losses. Compared to traditional low-voltage power distribution, HVDC systems are advantageous because they deliver the same power at a higher voltage and lower…

What Is 4-Quadrant Operation, How Linear Amplifiers Work, and How to Select the Right Model (Kikusui PBZ Series, PBZ20-20A, PBZ-SR, PBZ-BP — Automotive Transients, Inductive Loads & Wireless Power) Summary A Bipolar Power Supply is the only instrument that can simultaneously source and sink power at both positive and negative voltages — no mechanical switching,…

What Is Hipot Testing, How Safety Analyzers Work, and How to Select the Right Model (Kikusui TOS Series — EV, Medical, & Industrial Safety Standards) Summary An Electrical Safety Tester (Hipot Tester) verifies that a product’s insulation, grounding, and leakage current are within safe limits before it reaches end users — it is the final,…

About the role of fuses A fuse is a component used to protect electronic circuits. When a current exceeding a certain level flows through it, the internal element melts, interrupting the circuit’s current.This prevents serious secondary damage (such as fire or electric shock). Fuse Selection Method Circuit designers first select the type of fuse based on…

Introduction A DC power supply is one of the most fundamental instruments in electronics engineering. Whether you are designing circuits, validating prototypes, or performing production tests, a reliable source of direct current (DC) is essential. Unlike batteries or solar panels, which provide uncontrolled DC output, a regulated DC power supply offers precise voltage and current…

Introduction While the Direct Current (DC) power supply is often the first instrument an engineer encounters, the AC Power Supply (Programmable AC Source) is equally critical, particularly for validating product safety, compliance, and global usability. The electricity delivered from a wall outlet (the utility grid) is inherently “dirty” and uncontrolled. It fluctuates in voltage, contains…

Introduction A DC electronic load is one of the most fundamental instruments in electronics engineering, acting as the necessary counterpart to the DC power supply. Whether you are designing power converters, validating battery packs, or characterizing fuel cells, a reliable “Sink” to absorb current is essential. Unlike passive resistors or light bulbs, which provide static…